At Cobalt Health, we know how important pressure injury prevention is. We have a range of products that can help support those at risk from pressure injuries. This blog post outlines what pressure injuries are, and strategies used to combat them. Check out our range of pressure care equipment here, including static mattresses, active mattresses, cushions and chairs.
Pressure injuries, also known as pressure ulcers or bedsores, are a significant concern in healthcare settings. These injuries result from prolonged pressure on the skin and underlying tissues, leading to localised damage. Effective prevention of pressure injuries is crucial for enhancing patient outcomes, reducing healthcare costs, and improving the quality of care. This blog delves into the causes, risk factors, prevention strategies, and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to pressure injury prevention, with references to key studies and guidelines.
Understanding Pressure Injuries
Pressure injuries occur when prolonged pressure impairs blood flow to the skin and underlying tissues, causing cell death and tissue damage. They are categorised into stages based on the severity of tissue damage:
- Stage 1: Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin.
- Stage 2: Partial-thickness skin loss involving the epidermis and/or dermis.
- Stage 3: Full-thickness tissue loss with visible fat.
- Stage 4: Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon.
Risk Factors for Pressure Injuries
Numerous factors contribute to the development of pressure injuries, including:
- Immobility: Limited movement increases pressure on certain areas of the body.
- Incontinence: Moisture from urine or feces can lead to skin maceration.
- Malnutrition: Poor nutrition impairs skin integrity and wound healing.
- Advanced Age: Older adults have thinner skin and reduced tissue elasticity.
- Chronic Conditions: Diseases like diabetes and vascular disorders affect blood flow and sensation.
- Poor Circulation: Conditions like peripheral artery disease reduce blood flow to the skin.
Evidence-Based Prevention Strategies
Preventing pressure injuries requires a multifaceted approach, incorporating regular assessments, proper skin care, and interventions to reduce pressure. Key strategies include:
- Risk Assessment: Tools like the Braden Scale and the Waterlow Scale help identify patients at risk. Studies have shown these tools to be effective in stratifying risk levels and guiding preventive measures.
- Skin Inspection: Regular skin assessments, particularly of bony prominences, are essential. Early detection of redness or changes in skin condition can prompt timely interventions.
- Pressure Relief: Measures to redistribute pressure include:
- Repositioning: Moving patients at least every two hours helps alleviate pressure.
- Support Surfaces: Specialized mattresses and cushions can significantly reduce pressure. Research has demonstrated that alternating pressure mattresses and cushions are effective in preventing pressure injuries.
- Moisture Management: Managing incontinence with barrier creams and absorbent products helps keep the skin dry and reduces the risk of maceration.
- Nutrition and Hydration: Adequate nutrition and hydration are critical for maintaining skin health and promoting wound healing. Nutritional interventions can reduce the incidence of pressure injuries.
- Education and Training: Educating patients, caregivers, and healthcare staff on pressure injury prevention is vital. Studies have shown that education significantly reduces the incidence of pressure injuries.
- Multidisciplinary Approach: Collaboration among healthcare professionals, including nurses, doctors, dietitians, and physical therapists, ensures comprehensive care and effective prevention strategies.
The Role of Technology in Pressure Injury Prevention
Technological advancements have significantly enhanced pressure injury prevention. Innovative products such as pressure redistribution mattresses and alternating pressure cushions provide effective solutions. For example, Cobalt Health's range of clinically tested mattress platforms is designed to meet various clinical needs and reduce the risk of pressure injuries.
Conclusion
Pressure injury prevention is a critical component of patient care that requires a proactive, evidence-based approach. By implementing comprehensive prevention strategies and leveraging technological advancements, healthcare providers can significantly reduce the incidence of pressure injuries, improve patient outcomes, and enhance the quality of care. A multidisciplinary approach ensures that all aspects of patient care are addressed, leading to better prevention and management of pressure injuries.
References
- Bergstrom, N., et al. (1998). "The Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk." Nursing Research, 47(5), 261-269.
- Waterlow, J. (2005). "The Waterlow Score: A Practical Guide." Nursing Standard, 19(26), 47-54.
- National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP). (2014). "Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers: Clinical Practice Guideline."
- McInnes, E., et al. (2015). "Support Surfaces for Pressure Ulcer Prevention." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 9.
25th Jul 2024
